Why did the iconic Hindu king who founded the Maratha Empire write a letter to his greatest adversary, Aurangzeb? Was it merely a gesture of admiration, or did it conceal a deeper political strategy? As we dive into Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s final correspondence with the Mughal emperor, we’ll explore the controversial Jizya tax imposed on Hindus and uncover the layers of significance behind Shivaji Maharaj’s words.
History can be a puzzle, often obscured by time and bias. But with each discovery, we come closer to understanding the complexities of our past. Today, we will dissect a remarkable letter that reveals the wisdom and foresight of one of India’s most revered kings, taking us on a journey through political intrigue, religious tolerance, and the essence of effective governance.
The Great Maratha—Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: What does a letter reveal about a king still celebrated and venerated in Maharashtra today? Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680) was a warrior king who established the Maratha Empire in 17th-century India. Crowned as Chhatrapati in 1674, his realm, though only 4.1% of the subcontinent, echoed with the spirit of resistance and cultural pride that resonates to this day.
Aurangzeb—The Last Great Emperor of the Mughal Dynasty: Aurangzeb was the sixth and final great Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 to 1707. His rule was marked by military campaigns against various groups, including the Marathas. Known for his strict interpretation of Islamic principles, Aurangzeb’s policies led to widespread discontent and set the stage for the empire’s decline. His legacy is complex, steeped in both administrative prowess and religious intolerance.
Jizya Tax – A Burden or a Tribute? On April 3, 1679, Shivaji Maharaj boldly criticized Aurangzeb’s reimposition of the Jizya tax; a tax on non-Muslims that had been abolished by Akbar. This tax, levied on Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Jews, was seen as a mark of subjugation. As Shivaji Maharaj pointed out, imposing such a burden during an already difficult time for the populace was not only unjust but also politically unwise. Jizya was a tax paid by non-Muslim communities to Muslim rulers in India and other regions. It was mandated in the Qur’an as a tribute from non-Muslim groups, such as Christians and Jews. In India, the tax was imposed on Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Jews. It was viewed as a payment for protection, exemption from military service, and the freedom to practice one’s religion. The tax amount was typically fixed annually based on the payer’s financial status. Certain groups, such as women, children, the elderly, the disabled, the ill, and the mentally unstable, were exempt from this tax. In India, Akbar abolished the tax in 1579, but it was reintroduced by Aurangzeb in 1679. The practice ceased in the 18th century when Muslim rulers lost their territories to the British East India Company.
The Infamous Letter to Alamgir:
Shivaji’s letter to Aurangzeb, eloquently penned in Persian by Lila Prabhu, reads like a masterclass in diplomacy. He addresses Aurangzeb as ‘Alamgir’; the Conqueror of the World, starting with an expression of gratitude. This seemingly humble tone cleverly masks a powerful critique. As he delves deeper, Shivaji Maharaj highlights the heavy toll that continuous conflict has taken on the Mughal Empire, cleverly tying Aurangzeb’s economic troubles to his harsh policies.
Shivaji doesn’t just criticize; he also pays tribute to past Mughal emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan. By juxtaposing their inclusive governance with Aurangzeb’s oppressive rule, he implores Aurangzeb to learn from history. “To rule justly,” he suggests, “is to understand the strength of diversity.”
A Critique of Aurangzeb’s Reign
In a vivid description of the conditions in Aurangzeb’s empire, Shivaji paints a dire picture: the economy is crumbling, and the people regardless of faith are suffering. With piercing insight, he questions the wisdom of taxing the already impoverished. He challenges Aurangzeb’s authority, suggesting that true bravery lies in compassion, not oppression. He also mentions how steadily the economic condition has worsened over the time of the reign of Alamgir wherein instead of one lakh rupees only one thousand rupees are collected and in place of one thousand rupees only ten rupees are collected. He says that the reign of Alamgir is in turmoil with the Muslims, Hindus, the officers, and the common folk are equally struggling. The poverty stricken empire which once had all the glory in its palaces is now full of nothing but beggary. He speaks of how the common people have to struggle to even have food, a basic necessity for survival. Such was the condition of the territory that was ruled by the Aurangzeb. Knowing the hardships Shivaji Maharaj is taken aback, surprised to see how through the jizya tax the emperor had added to the plight of the already poor people
Shivaji invokes the Quran, reminding Aurangzeb that God is the Lord of all humanity, not just a select few. He argues that Islam and Hinduism, like colors on an artist’s palette, can coexist beautifully. In his view, the imposition of the Jizya tax is a distortion of justice and a misinterpretation of religious duty.
As he wraps up his impassioned letter, Shivaji warns Aurangzeb: “If you believe that true religion lies in oppression, you should start by taxing the powerful, not the vulnerable.” His words resonate with a call for a more enlightened and just rule.
Shivaji Maharaj’s letter to Aurangzeb stands as a powerful testament to the virtues of justice, tolerance, and effective governance. Through respectful critique, he brings attention to the devastating impact of the Jizya tax on an already suffering populace, urging Aurangzeb to emulate the legacies of his benevolent predecessors. By emphasizing universal values and the importance of harmony among diverse faiths, Shivaji advocates for a more inclusive approach to leadership.
This letter not only serves as a historical artifact but also as a timeless reminder of the qualities that define true leadership, compassion, wisdom, and the courage to stand up for what is right. In a world still grappling with issues of intolerance, Shivaji’s words resonate more than ever, calling us to embrace our shared humanity.
