Turkey witnessed an ideological transformation from Kemalism to neo-Ottomanism in the post-Cold War era. The movement emerged as Turkey's new business class leveraged the nation's economic growth, accumulated capital, and regional military strength to assert a more assertive role in international affairs. The idea of Neo-Ottomanism is a blend of apparent conflicting values. This revived Islamism within Turkey's secular political framework, adhering to the Kemalist principle of "zero problems" with neighbouring states yet pursuing policies that often led to political and military expansion....