Introduction Pakistan-Afghanistan relations have long been shaped by historical tensions, security concerns, and geopolitical objectives. However, in recent years, terrorism has emerged as a major disruptive factor in bilateral relations. Multiple terrorist organizations, including Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP), have taken advantage of regional instability, causing diplomatic divisions, cross-border violence, and internal security challenges. While both Islamabad and Kabul have undertaken efforts to address these challenges, their approaches remain divergent, Complicating diplomatic interactions....